Tübingen research team develops new strategy against sepsis

As a result of a local infection, bacteria can enter the bloodstream, which can lead to life-threatening sepsis (colloquially known as blood poisoning) and septic shock with organ failure. Among the most common causes of such a sepsis are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (MRSA) that have developed resistance to many of the common antibiotics.

The research team led by Professor Andreas Peschel and Dr Dorothee Kretschmer was able to show that the body's immune defense against staphylococci is strengthened by administering the acetic acid salt sodium acetate, enabling the body to cope better with the severe infection. In experiments with mice that received acetate via their drinking water or an injection, the course of bacterial sepsis was significantly improved.

A bacterial infection is fought by our body with the help of white blood cells. The most common white blood cells in the bloodstream are known as neutrophil granulocytes that are able to detect, ingest, and destroy pathogens. On their surface, neutrophils have various pattern recognition molecules, receptors to which bacteria-specific components bind, thus signaling the presence of bacteria. One such component is acetate, formed by many bacteria, especially by invaded pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and by intestinal bacteria in the digestion of food. Acetate is detected by the GPR43 receptor on the neutrophils.

Acetat als Aktivator

"In our study, we were able to investigate for the first time in detail the effects of binding the acetate to neutrophils. It seems to be an amplifier that “wakes up” the granulocytes, so to speak, and puts them on alert," Dorothee Kretschmer reports. "Acetate has a regulatory effect through the activation of the GPR43 receptor so that an adequate and targeted endogenous immune response can occur on several levels." If granulocytes are put on alert prior to an infection, they can react more effectively to the invading pathogens. They then migrate faster from the blood to the infection site, ingest more bacteria, and produce oxygen radicals that kill the bacteria. As a result, the bacteria were less able to multiply and distribute to the organs during a subsequent sepsis caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.

In experiments, the research team demonstrated that acetate injection or the administration of acetate-containing drinking water led to an improved immune response in mice. "In the case of a subsequent sepsis caused by infection with staphylococci, the bacteria could be killed faster and more efficiently, thus preventing a fatal course," Kretschmer explains. “The mice recovered more quickly, evident for instance by a faster weight gain.” As Katja Schlatterer, the study’s lead author from the participating Cluster of Excellence CMFI reports: “Interestingly, we were able to observe the same effect when we administered acetate only after the onset of sepsis. This led in the same way to an improved immune response and infection clearance.” The research team considers it conceivable that acetate could be used in humans for both the prevention and the treatment of sepsis. As they point out, acetate is already being used in the clinical field, for example as an acid-base regulator in infusions, administered in the event of fluid loss, with the compatibility in humans thus already being proven.

The study, published in the journal Communications Biology, involved scientists from the Cluster of Excellence “Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections” (CMFI), the Interfaculty Institute of Microbiol-ogy and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT) at the University of Tübingen and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF).

Publication

Katja Schlatterer, Christian Beck, Ulrich Schoppmeier, Andreas Peschel, Dorothee Kretschmer: Ac-etate sensing by GPR43 alarms neutrophils and protects from severe sepsis. Communications Biology 4:928, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02427-0.